![]() ![]() Wood screws have taken some of the market share away from nails owing to the development of powered drivers. Vinyl coatings on nails are intended to melt upon driving and then reharden to improve the nail shank adhesion to the wood. Concrete coatings applied to nail shanks are intended to roughen up the shank surface for a better bite on wood. Some nails are coated, such as sinker nails, to increase pullout resistance. Upholstery nails have wide, domed heads to give furniture a finished look. Spring-head roofing nails are used for attaching corrugated roofing. Double-headed, or duplex, nails are used for temporary construction, such as setting scaffolding, where one head allows for the nail to be driven fully into the wood while the second head provides a way of pulling the nail out once the job is completed. Flooring nails used to install subfloors also have wider, flat heads – and are usually ring shanked as well – again to lie flat beneath the finished flooring and to provide protection from boards working loose and developing squeaks. Finishing nails have small heads that grip the wood slightly but enable the nails to be sunk below the surface and later puttied over. For instance, roofing nails incorporate thin, wide heads that both lay flat under succeeding shingles and provide a wide bearing surface against the material to keep it from tearing. Nail heads vary according to the application, as well. While most nails are made from wire, some nails are “ cut,” such as those use for nailing into masonry surfaces. Other special materials, such as copper, are available for unusual applications. Stainless steel is used as well where nails may be visible such as for hanging natural siding. Nail material varies from bright steel for indoor use to electro-galvanized or zinc-dipped coated for exterior applications. Ring-shank nails are often used in softwoods while barbed shanks increase the holding power of nails in hardwood.īox nails are slightly smaller than common nails and are used where holding strength is less of a concern, such as for crate making and similar non-structural applications. Threaded-shank nails rotate as they are driven into wood or masonry, while ring-shank nails promote a wedging action between the nail and the wood fibers. These so-called deformed-shank nails are used in other aspects of construction to ensure that the nail does not pull out due to wind buffeting or pedestrian traffic, for instance. Pullout resistance is increased by adding rings or threads or both to the shank. Thus, the common nail serves adequately in this setting. Nails used for framing typically have smooth shanks as they are mostly used in supporting lateral loads where pullout resistance plays only a small role. Nails are designed to resist both pullout and shear, with shear strength determined mainly by the shank diameter and pullout strength affected by that and the shank's design. Table 1 - Nail Sizes (Common Nails)Ī variety of nail types exist. The head is, of course, the top portion struck to drive the nail into the material. The shank diameter and length refer to the shaft part of the nail, called the shank, which is driven into the surface. Though still in common use, the penny system is considered obsolete, and some international vendors do not use it. Pennyweight does not correspond exactly to nail weight, gauge, or other measurements, however for example common 10d nails are 3" long with a 5/16" head diameter and a 9 gauge shank. So a 16 penny nail is also described as a 16d nail, and 8 penny nails are abbreviated as 8 d nails. At the time, the abbreviation for pennies was d, so nail sizes are described as 2d nails, 3d nails, etc. Nails are measured in pennies, believed to be from older times when nails were sold by the penny. Under “nail size,” the “penny size” (aka, pennyweight) refers to a standard nail unit. The nail size charts below illustrate industry standards for nail sizes and their dimensions. The following article tabulates some of the standard nail sizes and briefly describes the wide range of nails available through nail length charts. Though not as tightly defined as machine screws and nuts which must mate with one another, nails are standardized to some degree, particularly those used for structural purposes. Nails are used in a variety of construction tasks, for box making, furniture building, etc.
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